Battery Passports for Sustainable Battery Systems: A Review of Roles, Data Requirements, and Implementation Challenges Across Value Chain Stages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70917/jcc-2026-008Keywords:
Battery passports, Traceability, Circularity, Battery lifecycle management, Systematic ReviewAbstract
Battery passports are emerging as important digital governance tools for improving sustainability, transparency, and circularity in battery value chains. This review examines the role of battery passports in advancing traceability, transparency, compliance, and circularity across the battery lifecycle, while also identifying the main challenges associated with their implementation. A systematic review approach was used to synthesize academic, regulatory, and technical sources related to battery passports, lifecycle data systems, and circular battery management. The findings show that traceability is the most emphasized role of battery passports, as it enables battery identity, provenance, composition, and lifecycle history to be connected across multiple actors and stages. Transparency is also strongly emphasized because passport systems can make sustainability and technical information more visible, comparable, and useful for decision-making. Circularity is supported by preserving data needed for reuse, second-life applications, remanufacturing, and recycling, while compliance is increasingly driven by regulatory requirements, particularly under the European Union Batteries Regulation. The review further shows that implementation is constrained mainly by interoperability, data quality and availability, governance and access rights, standards harmonization, and confidentiality concerns. A lifecycle-stage mapping demonstrates that battery passports create different forms of value across raw material sourcing, manufacturing, use, second-life assessment, recycling, and cross-cutting governance. Overall, the study shows that battery passport effectiveness depends not only on data collection, but also on reliable data updating, verification, sharing, and governance across lifecycle stages. The review provides a structured basis for future research, policy development, and industry implementation.
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