Effects of Waste Frying Oil Hybridization Ratios on Biodiesel Physicochemical Properties
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70917/jcc-2026-026Keywords:
Waste frying oils, biodiesel, renewable energy, FAME, hybrid ratio, cold-flow properties, physicochemical characterizationAbstract
Waste frying oils (WFOs) represent a promising low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production. However, biodiesel derived from single-source WFOs often exhibits variable physicochemical properties due to differences in fatty acid composition, which can affect fuel quality and compliance with international standards. Therefore, strategies to optimize biodiesel properties through feedstock management remain an important research challenge. This study investigates the effect of feedstock hybridization by hybridizing waste frying oils derived from palm, sunflower, and corn to improve biodiesel fuel characteristics. Several hybrid feedstock ratios (9S:1C, 9S:1P, 8S:1P:1C, 6S:2P:2C, 4S:3P:3C, 5S:5P, 5C:5P, and 5S:5C) were prepared and converted to biodiesel via transesterification, followed by physicochemical characterization including density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, cloud point, pour point and other properties according to ASTM standards. The results show that different ratio of feedstock hybridization influences biodiesel quality, with hybrid proportions of sunflower and corn WFO exhibiting different values. Among the evaluated formulations, the 5S:5C (sunflower–corn) hybrid showed the lowest cloud point (−9.0 ± 1.4 °C) and pour point (−11.0 ± 0.8 °C), together with a density of 875.5 ± 0.7 kg m⁻³, kinematic viscosity of 4.05 ± 0.5 mm² s⁻¹ and acid value of 0.30 ± 0.10 mg KOH/g. The hybrid also exhibited a free fatty acid content of 0.15 ± 0.03%, flash point of 151.1 ± 0.2 °C, saponification value of 200.8 ± 1.2 mg KOH/g, and calorific value of 41.2 ± 1.0 MJ/kg. The results indicate that feedstock hybridization can modify selected biodiesel properties, particularly cold-flow characteristics. These findings show that ratio-controlled hybridization of waste frying oil feedstocks is an effective strategy for improving biodiesel quality while promoting waste valorization and supporting sustainable bioenergy production within a circular economy framework.
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