Cerebration Science Publishing CO., LIMITED
Aluminum-Based Thermal Management of Lithium-Iron Energy Storage for Sustainable Cooling
Climate change represents one of the most pressing challenges of our time, necessitating urgent action across various sectors, including transportation. The transition to electric vehicles is a critical component of this response, offering a pathway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable mobility. However, the impact of electric vehicles on climate change is closely linked to the lifespan and efficiency of their batteries, which act as energy storage media. As these batteries operate under varying thermal conditions, effective cooling management is essential to optimise their efficiency and ensure safety. Immersion cooling combined with an aluminium casing has emerged as a feasible solution due to its potential for enhanced heat dissipation. Further research is required to understand how aluminium case thickness and cell spacing affect cooling performance with different types of coolants. Therefore, the thermal behaviour of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) battery packs under immersion cooling conditions was analysed in this study using computational fluid dynamics with ANSYS Fluent. The battery cells were encased in aluminium sheets of varying thicknesses and positioned at different intervals. Two types of coolants (pure water and a 40% ethylene glycol (EG)–water mixture) were tested for their effect on temperature regulation and cooling efficiency. The simulation results showed that increasing the thickness of the aluminium casing slightly improved heat dissipation, although the impact was limited at a certain point. Furthermore, larger spacing between cells improved fluid circulation, resulting in a more consistent temperature distribution. The EG–water mixture provided better heat management than pure water, especially at larger casing thicknesses. The optimal configuration for efficient heat management included using a 40% EG–water mixture, a casing thickness of 1.5 mm, and an inter-cell spacing of 40 mm. As a result of these setups, the highest temperature was below 308.00 K and the temperature difference was less than 0.12 K. The results of this research provide useful design suggestions for improving the safety and dependability of LiFePO₄ battery systems, in addition to contributing to the current understanding of active thermal management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Awangku Muhammad Dzul Hisyam, Fauziah Jerai, Nor Afifah Yahaya, Norhayati Mat Wajid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Based Modeling of Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort: A Systematic Review of Human-Centric and Adaptive Approaches
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort are fundamental determinants of occupant health, cognitive performance, and building energy efficiency. Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and soft computing methods—such as machine learning, fuzzy logic, and hybrid architectures—has enabled more intelligent, adaptive, and predictive control of indoor environments. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in data-driven environmental quality management has intensified, particularly in health-sensitive and energy-constrained settings. This systematic literature review (SLR) analyzes 72 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2024, synthesizing emerging trends in AI-based modeling of IAQ and thermal comfort. The review is organized across four dimensions: (i) environmental sensing and feature engineering; (ii) AI and soft computing-based modeling strategies; (iii) multi-objective integration of IAQ, thermal comfort, and energy metrics; and (iv) human-in-the-loop, interpretable, and adaptive AI frameworks. Using thematic synthesis and advanced visual analytics—including streamgraphs, bubble plots, Sankey diagrams, UpSet plots, and research gap maps—the review identifies four persistent challenges: (i) the lack of unified, multi-objective models that balance comfort, air quality, and energy use; (ii) underutilization of interpretable and hybrid AI approaches that foster transparency and trust; (iii) limited incorporation of real-time occupant feedback, personalization, and behavioral adaptation; and (iv) scarcity of real-world validation across diverse building types and climatic conditions. The findings highlight the need to develop inclusive, explainable, and field-tested AI systems that integrate subjective and objective data for responsive indoor environmental management. This review offers a structured foundation and roadmap for advancing deployable, human-aware, and sustainable AI solutions in the built environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Athirah Aziz, Tajul Rosli Razak, Sharifalillah Nordin, Hasila Jarimi, Yuehong Su, Saffa Riffat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multi-Climate Transient Seasonal Analysis of Integrated Solar Assisted Desiccant Indirect Evaporative Cooling System with Dynamic Building Loads
Thermal comfort demand in the building sector is increasing remarkably due to population growth, urbanization, and global warming, particularly in hot and humid climates like Pakistan. However, the performance of such systems is strongly influenced by dynamic building loads and transient climate conditions, such as solar irradiance, ambient air temperature, and humidity. This study investigated the adequacy of the solar-assisted desiccant cooler with the Maisotsenko cycle cooler (SADC-Mc) system by performing a transient seasonal analysis for multiple climate zones of Pakistan. The climate zones include humid subtropical (Cwa), Warm semi-arid (BSh), and Warm desert climate (BWh), as exemplified by various cities such as Peshawar, Taxila, Lahore, Multan, and Karachi. Furthermore, the performance of SADC-Mc is also compared with a traditional solar-assisted desiccant cooling system with a direct evaporative cooler (SAD-DEC) in each climate. A detailed solar-assisted desiccant cooling system model was developed in TRNSYS, and a Maisotsenko cycle cooler (M-cycle) EES component model was also incorporated to perform the seasonal (April-September) transient simulation analysis under dynamic building loads for the selected climates. The system model validation findings showed good agreement with published experimental data, with a mean percentage error of 2.7%. The SADC-Mc system was found to be 40-60% more efficient than the traditional desiccant cooling system in terms of COPth for the less humid climates of Taxila, Peshawar, and Lahore. In terms of cooling capacity (CC), the integrated system performed effectively well in all cities, achieving its peak monthly performance in Multan at 5407 kWh. Furthermore, the maximum thermal energy requirement of the SADC-Mc system was reported for Karachi (6603 kWh) in June. In contrast, the SAD-DEC system's thermal energy requirement is almost double (17072 kWh) as compared to the SADC-Mc system. Similarly, the monthly average variation in COP thermal was recorded as ranging from 0.8 to 1.2, along with a total seasonal solar energy gain of 40 MWh for the Taxila climate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muzaffar Ali, Suoying HE, Fouzia Begum, Mohammad Usman, Ghulam Qadir Chaudhary, Mirza Abdullah Rehan, Guiqiang Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Towards Climate-Resilient Data Center Cooling: Experimental Study of Water Conservation Technologies
The rapid expansion of data centers, driven by the proliferation of 5G and cloud technologies, has intensified environmental concerns, particularly related to water consumption and energy use. Data centers consume billions of liters of water daily for cooling, with wet cooling towers accounting for the majority of this usage. Despite various efforts, effective strategies to reduce water consumption in these systems remain limited. This study proposes the use of hygroscopic solutions as alternative cooling media in wet cooling towers to address this challenge. An experimental system was developed to evaluate this technology's performance. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in water consumption of up to 84.72% while maintaining comparable thermal performance to traditional systems. For data center operators, especially those in water-stressed regions, this technology offers a viable path to drastically lower operational water costs and reduce environmental impact, supporting compliance with increasingly stringent sustainability regulations. The water-saving mechanisms are further explored through an analysis of the interactions between the hygroscopic solution and moist air, utilizing physical properties and enthalpy-humidity charts. This research contributes to sustainable cooling strategies essential for adapting to water stress and environmental demands in an era of accelerating technological growth.
water saving; wet cooling tower; hygroscopic solutions; data center; climate resilience
Copyright (c) 2025 Lu Wang, Liang Chen, Zhen Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study the Temporal Variability of Climate Change in Urban City Karachi, Pakistan
Climate change particularly changes in temperature and rainfall patterns have serious long-term influences, mainly caused by human actions. It can leads to severe events like heat-waves, floods, increasing seas, and more extreme weather, which in turn affects across various aspects of socioeconomic factors, ecosystems, hydrology, health, and global warming. Temperature and rainfall are essential climatological variables that are being comprehensively studied across the Karachi city to understand and manage their dynamic nature. The objective of this study is to analyze the trend, magnitude, and change points in climatic variables to investigate their variability in the urban city Karachi. Rainfall and temperature datasets for the Karachi station from 1980 to 2020 was used. Monthly and annual precipitation as well as temperature (maximum, and minimum) was analyzed for possible trends using nonparametric Mann-Kendall (MK) test, while the Sen’s slope (SS) estimator was used for magnitude of a trend. The Pettitt’s test was applied to detect the abrupt change point in climatic variables. The results revealed increasing trend in annual and monthly maximum temperatures while for minimum temperature all the months illustrated significant increasing trend in the study period. The SS estimator revealed that the annual temperature increased with rate of 0.025 °C per year for the certain time interval. However, in contrast to variation in the temperature trend, the mean annual rainfall of the study period was observed 180.4 mm with no significant increasing trend while 366.8 mm rainfall was observed in the month of the August 2020. The only month of the February has statistically significant decreasing trend with rate of change of 0.097mm/year and no significant trends was present for all other months. This study provides evidence that can aid policy adaptation, and addressing climate change by responding extreme events like floods and heat-waves.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mrs. Zehra A. Naveed, Bulbul Jan, Syeda Ismat Zehra, Syed Inayatullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Temperature Trends and Variability in Eastern Himalaya: Evidence from Sikkim
The study examines temperature patterns in Sikkim for an extended period, using 72 years (1951-2023) of IMD gridded data. Several statistical methods, including Coefficient of Variation, Analysis of Variance, Moving Average, Standardized Anomaly Index, and Regression analysis, were applied to explore the trends and variability across mean, minimum, and maximum seasonal temperatures. Results reveal a significant warming tendency in monsoon and post monsoon seasons, with minimum temperatures showing the highest variability. Extreme hot anomalies are rising in recent years which are more pronounced in the cases of monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Maximum winter temperature shows a declining trend, where mean and minimum temperatures are rising but not statistically significant. On the other hand, summer temperatures have been relatively stable over the decades. These temperatures shifts are critical for the livelihoods of rural population who heavily depend on natural resources. These outcomes emphasize the urgent need of climate adaptation strategies and enhanced monitoring and early warning systems to support sustainable development in this vulnerable mountain region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jyotirmayee Sarkar, Yash Nayan, Dr. Amrita Dwivedi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Rainfall Trends and Variability in Eastern Himalaya: Evidence from Sikkim
Since last century, Sikkim has witnessed substantial climatic fluctuations that can affect the local water availability, agricultural productivity, and livelihood security. Despite this growing concern, a limited study incorporated century-long datasets to explore the underlying climatic pattern of the state and often focuses only on trend analysis without applying a diverse set of statistical and spatial techniques. Hence, a comprehensive analysis has been employed to explore the long-term trend and variability of Sikkim’s yearly and seasonal precipitation patterns from 1923 to 2023.Several statistical matrices have been applied viz. Coefficient of Variation (CV), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) Test to analyze the intra-seasonal and inter-seasonal rainfall variability, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to find out wet and dry years, Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) shows annual and seasonal rainfall distribution, Simple Moving Average method has been applied to detect long-term trend, Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation technique visualizes the spatial rainfall variation in the state. This research offers new insights into the precipitation behavior and shifting rainfall dynamics such as summer rainfall demonstrates the most significant inter-cluster difference, wet and dry events are significantly increasing in summer season, the highest variability in precipitation distribution can be observed in monsoon rain, the summer and winter rainfall is increasing, where monsoon rainfall is decreasing significantly over the region, monsoon rainfall shows significant increasing trend in Gyalshing and Mangan, where summer and winter rain is increasing at Gyalshing and Mangan. These findings can help in regional adaptation strategies, water resource management, agricultural planning, and minimize climate-related livelihood vulnerabilities, as most of the farmers of this state rely on rainfall for their irrigation purposes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jyotirmayee Sarkar, Yash Nayan, Amrita Dwivedi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Different Machinery Packages for Identification of Climate Smart Wheat Cultivation in Central India
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major food grain crop cultivated in India (31.4 million hectares in 2022-2023). In view of rising concerns of emissions from agriculture, it was considered to assess the global warming potential (GWP) of various wheat cultivation practices being followed in central India. Wheat sowing by five different machines along with associated cultivation practices were evaluated and compared with traditional wheat cultivation with seed cum fertilizer drill. The five wheat cultivation machinery packages evaluated were i) Zero till seed cum fertilizer drill; ii) Zero till drill with straw handler; iii) Happy seeder; iv) Broad bed former seeder; and v) Rotary tiller assisted broad bed former seeder–over a period of three years from 2021-2022 to 2023-2024. The GWP was found minimum with Happy seeder at 555.0 kg CO2eq./ha, followed by Zero till drill with straw handler (648.3 kg CO2 eq./ha) and Zero till drill (651.8 kg CO2 eq./ha). Wheat cultivation with conventional Seed cum fertilizer drill had highest GWP of 775.4 kg CO2 eq./ha due to higher fuel usage in the whole cultivation process. The grain yield was highest on wheat cultivation with Rotary tiller assisted broad bed former seeder(5401.3 kg/ha)and this cultivation practice also had minimum Greenhouse Gas(GHG) intensity of 0.126 kg CO2 eq./kg of grain output. Wheat cultivation with Rotary tiller assisted broad bed former seeder was considered climate resilient due to its higher yield, lower GHG intensity, and maximum economic return (Rs.23,530 per hectare) over conventional method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chandrashekhar Sahay, Niveta Jain, Uday Rangnath Badegaonkar, Krishna Pratap Singh, Manoj Kumar, Satish Kumar Singh, Purvi Tiwari, Ved Prakash Chaudhary, Chetan Sawant (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Change Influences the Livelihood Vulnerability of Small-Scale Fishermen Communities in Kaptai Lake
Climate change has a significant impact on the livelihood of the fishermen community of Kaptai Lake. Climate change related disasters alter community resilience. The households which depend particularly on fisheries are prone to the changes. There is limited research on the livelihood vulnerability of fishermen in the Kaptai Lake region. In this study, multi-methods approach uses to evaluate the impact of environmental change on livelihood of the fisherman in Kaptai Lake region. The study includes questionnaire surveys, interview and focus group discussion to livelihood assessment of the fishermen community. This research explores the sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity affecting the livelihood of fishermen in various way as a result of climate-induced effects on Kaptai Lake. The information was gathered from five regions including Puran Jelepara, Notun Jelepara, Soriyatpur, 16 no Tila, and Islampur. A questionnaire was used to collect data by interviewing 100 fishermen. The data was analyzed and categorized using the IPCC approach to the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). A total LVI score of 0.40 suggests the community had medium coping ability with respect to climate fluctuations. Moderate exposure, low sensitivity and moderate adaptive capacity indicated potential vulnerabilities in livelihoods. Working with governments and local communities can create new perspectives of reducing climate risks, implementing more cost-effective adaptation measures, and social inclusion and empowerment to promote livelihoods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nayem Mahmud Akash, Md. Sarwar Hossian, Md Istiaque Haidar, Helena Khatoon, Tashrif Mahmud Minhaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable energy from the sea: A Comprehensive review of Hybrid Offshore Solar, Wind, and Wave Technologies
The increasing global demand for clean and sustainable energy has intensified research focus on offshore renewable energy systems, particularly those integrating wind, solar, and wave resources. Offshore hybrid renewable energy systems represent a transformative opportunity to harness diverse marine energy sources, aiming to improve energy yield, capacity factor, and reliability compared to single-technology solutions. Evaluation of past literature reveals a critical gap in comprehensive evaluations of fully integrated hybrid offshore platforms that simultaneously deploy floating solar photovoltaic (FPV), offshore wind turbines, and wave energy converters (WECs), including their techno-economic performance and environmental impacts. This study addresses this gap by systematically reviewing the current state-of-the-art offshore floating solar, wind, and wave energy technologies and analyzing key commercial pilot hybrid projects such as Hollandse Kust Noord, W2POWER, and the Hybrid Floating POSEIDON system. A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative literature review, multi-criteria technical, economic, and environmental evaluation, and case study analysis was employed to assess the design innovations, integration strategies, and deployment challenges. Results demonstrate that hybrid offshore systems leveraging synergies between solar, wind, and wave resources can achieve up to five times higher energy output than single-source systems, with floating wind currently leading in maturity and energy production scale, complemented effectively by floating solar and wave converters to enhance seasonal and operational stability. Novel modular floating platforms and advanced mooring systems enable scalable, durable solutions capable of withstanding harsh marine environments. Environmental considerations, including biofouling, corrosion, and ecosystem impacts, can be addressed via mitigation strategies and adaptive site selection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nisha Kaur, K. Sudhakar, M.R. Mohamed, Erdem Cuce, Dan Barbulescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatio-Temporal Variability of Extreme Precipitation and Flow Indices in the Lower and Middle Ouémé Valley in Benin
The urgent need to study rainfall variability and its link to river flows is well established, given its direct impact on the socio-economic development of nations. This study analyzed the variability of extreme precipitation and flow indices at several stations in the lower and middle Ouémé valley in Benin. Five extreme precipitation indices (RX1DAY, RX3DAY, RX10DAY, SPI, PRCPTOT), as well as two extreme river flow indices (Q50 and Q95) were used. To conduct this analysis, we employed the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test to examine trends and the Pettitt test to identify stationarity breaks in the data series. The results indicate strong spatio-temporal variability in the indices studied. The break years are generally similar among indices but vary from one station to another. Three main breaks were identified over the study period (1960-2022): the first in 1970, the second in 1990, and the third after the 2000s. Regarding trends and the distribution of water surplus and deficit years, a cyclical pattern emerges. There is an overall downward trend in precipitation indices, with three distinct periods: a first and third water surplus period, separated by a deficit period, which is the longest. Concerning flow indices, two main breaks have been identified: one in 1970 and another in 1990. Trend analysis reveals a significant decrease in the Q95, while the Q50 shows an upward trend. Finally, an examination of the relationships between precipitation and flow indices shows that only the Q95 is significantly influenced by precipitation indices, especially the SPI and PRCPTOT. However, the relationship between Q95 and PRCPTOT is inversely proportional.
Copyright (c) 2025 Freddy Zinsè HOUNNONDAHO, Ezéchiel Obada, Casimir Y. Da-Allada, Adéchina Eric Alamou, Marius Bocco Koubè, Josué Zandagba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parametric Analysis of Thermal and Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Thermal Systems Using Nano-Graphene Coolants and Enhanced Fin Design
This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical simulation to assess the performance of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system utilizing nanofluids (NFs) and enhanced fin configurations. The system integrates a copper flat plate collector, where nanofluids circulate within heat absorber tubes, and rectangular fins are strategically arrayed to augment heat dissipation. The effects of fin dimensions, count, nanofluid concentration, flow rate, and solar intensity on the PVT's thermal and electrical performance are examined. Key findings illustrate that fin configuration, particularly the number of fins, significantly dictates the system’s thermal management, with minimal impact from fin thickness. Optimal thermal behavior was observed with 0.5 wt% graphene nanoplatelet nanofluid at a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s, employing 400 fins. Analysis reveals that increasing the number of fins from 10 to 400 could enhance the thermal efficiency by approximately 18%, while reducing the overall system temperature by up to 7°C under peak solar conditions. Furthermore, the study indicates that an increase in solar radiation intensity from 800 to 1000 W/m2 reduces the electrical efficiency by about 2%, even though the electrical power output increases by 5%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ehsan Baniasadi, Farzin Bahadori, Zahra Taheri, Saffa Riffat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Thermal and Electrical Performance Analysis of PV/T Collectors with Different Finned Absorber Configurations
This study investigates and compares the thermal and electrical performance of three photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collectors with different absorber plate geometries. A standard flat-plate PV/T panel serves as the baseline, while two enhanced designs incorporate aluminium finned absorbers (with 112 and 229 fins) beneath the PV cells to increase surface area for heat dissipation via water cooling. Performance was evaluated through both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and outdoor experimental testing. Both simulated and measured results confirmed that absorber plate designs affect the efficiency of PV/T systems. The prototype featuring 229 fins delivered better thermal performance and lower PV cell operating temperatures, resulting in improved electrical output. The 112-fin variant demonstrated intermediate performance in both aspects, balancing manufacturability and effectiveness. Sustainability implications were also evaluated, with the 229-fin configuration showing a 24.48% increase in CO₂ reduction potential compared to the standard design, offering a substantial contribution to climate change mitigation. These findings underscore the potential of finned PV/T systems in enhancing both energy efficiency and environmental benefits, making them a promising option for large-scale renewable energy applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmut Sami Buker, Ahmet Emre Onay, Halil Ibrahim Dag (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A High-Sensitivity Gas Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Methane and Ethane in Urban Gas Networks
To address the challenge of precise discrimination of multi-component trace gases for urban natural gas leakage monitoring, a dual-component gas sensor based on mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy was developed for simultaneous detection of methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6). The sensor integrates an interband cascade laser, a 13-m optical path length multi-pass gas cell and a high-sensitivity detector. The optimal absorption lines of CH4 and C2H6 were identified through analysis of gas absorption spectra, and the negative-pressure (0.24 atm) operation was applied to effectively suppress water vapor interference, which significantly improved the anticross-interference capability. Experimental results demonstrate minimum detection limits of 17.77 parts-per-billion in volume (ppbv) for CH4 and 12.95 ppbv for C2H6 at a 1-second averaging time, and the dynamic response time is approximately 6 s. During the In-vehicle mobile monitoring experiment, the changes of CH4 and C2H6 concentrations near the leakage source show a high degree of correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.9991), which effectively distinguishes natural gas leakage from biogenic and anthropogenic interference sources such as landfills, automobile exhaust. This research provides a high-precision and low-false-alarm solution for the safety inspection of urban gas pipeline networks, and the application scenarios can be further expanded through miniaturization and intelligent optimization in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhao Rao, Bin Zhou, Denghao Zhu, Xiao Chen, Jingjing Liu, Yuan Lv (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors of Vulnerability Forming Considerations For Informed Legal-Policy Formulation In Addressing Climate Change-Induced Internal Displacement: Case Study on Munroe Island
Globally, the effects of climate change are felt increasingly than ever before with significant implications for human mobility. At one end, extreme climatic conditions raise displacement risks and migration, on the other, mobility constraints may prevent people from leaving, thereby trapping them in places exhibiting high levels of climatic stress. In situ adaptations are becoming difficult entailing risks for livelihoods and health of populations; and migration destinations are also becoming affected by adverse climate impacts. The vulnerability of the migrating populations further creates novel challenges to climate resilience and human security. This premise is evaluated in the paper by employing a case study involving Munroe Island in the State of Kerala in India. The paper is premised on the proposition that effective redressal of issues caused by climate change require legal-policy interfaces. Now, the issue revolves around identification of determinants which should form the basis of such interfaces. The case study undertaken reveals vulnerability as the primary criterion to be considered relevant in formulation of legal-policy interfaces. The study concludes that when different sections of a geographically homogenous community are subjected to climate change adversities, the ill-effects though expected to be similar across the board, vary owing to differing socio-economic vulnerabilities of the units of the study population. Since climate change effects remain constant, such adverse effects can be pacified through modifications directed towards socio-economic indicators through targeted interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhijith S Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exposure to Climatic Variability and Associated Hydro-Meteorological Hazards in Beas River Basin of Western Himalaya, India
The factors contributing to vulnerability can significantly differ across different locations and time periods, as certain communities, age demographics, areas, landscapes, and countries are more at risk from climate change. As a result, comprehending the spatial and temporal trends of current climates and their dependable projections is essential for better preparing to tackle the consequences of climate change. Another critical element of climate change mitigation and adaptation involves creating strategies that are relevant to specific local contexts. Exposure was defined as the cumulative impact of various climate and hydro-meteorological hazards. This approach allowed us to establish a climate change exposure index that takes into account both historical and current conditions. The exposure index can amalgamate numerous factors representing climate variability and related hydro-meteorological threats to inform proactive decision-making. Consequently, several indicators have been consolidated into a unified index to assess the level of exposure to climate variability. A positive correlation has been identified between climate change, hydro-meteorological hazards, and exposure. Our analysis revealed that, out of fifteen districts, ten exhibit a high degree of exposure to rainfall variability, residents from eight districts might face the risks associated with landslides, six districts are vulnerable to wind damage, five are at risk of temperature variability, and five are exposed to flood events.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shekhar Kumar, K Nageswara Rao, Harjinder Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatiotemporal Variability of Rainfall in Central Guizhou: Multi-Time Scale Analysis and Implications for Climate Change Adaptation
Precipitation plays a critical role in the global water cycle, with its spatial distribution and variations significantly impacting both the environment and socio-economic systems, making it central to climate change research. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of rainfall intensity and frequency in central Guizhou, China, using monthly data from 56 rain gauge stations (1965–2016). The analysis employs the Precipitation Anomaly Index (PAI) and P-III distribution to examine rainfall patterns across time scales of 3 to 12 months. Key findings include: (1) Rainfall intensity shows an "N-shaped" trend, with an increase from the 1960s to 1980s, followed by a decline and gradual recovery through the 2010s. The proportion of wet years peaked in the 1970s (47.55%), rising to 69.39% by the 2010s. (2) Rainfall frequency was highest during normal years (62.8%), with medium-frequency events becoming more dominant over time. (3) Significant differences in rainfall intensity were most pronounced at 9-month and 12-month scales, with rainfall frequency exhibiting significant variability across all time scales. This research highlights the multi-scale nature of rainfall patterns in central Guizhou, offering valuable insights for hydrological management and climate adaptation in karst regions.
spatiotemporal evolution of precipitation; Precipitation Anomaly Index (PAI); P-III distribution; multi-scale analysis; central Guizhou; climate adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhonghua He, Xiaolin Gu, Feng Qiu, Maoqiang Wang, Mingjin Xu, Siyu Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment on Sources of PM & TVOCs in School Buildings and Effects on Health of Student: A Systematic Review
Ensuring sustainable indoor environments in school buildings is essential for safeguarding student health and well-being. Indoor air pollution from particulate matter (PM) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) has emerged as a critical issue exacerbated by modern building materials and occupant behaviors. The rising prevalence of respiratory illnesses among students highlights the urgent need for improved indoor air quality (IAQ) standards, particularly as climate change influences air pollution dynamics. This review explores the sources of PM and TVOCs in elementary and primary school buildings and their health implications through a systematic review of literature published between 2010 and 2024. It also considers studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic when indoor air conditions shifted due to online learning periods. Out of 325 identified articles, the predominant sources of TVOCs were found to be cleaning activities, chemicals, furniture, and occupant behavior. PM sources encompassed classroom activities, building attributes, instructional materials, and external factors. The findings reveal that average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations frequently exceed recommended health thresholds, posing risks such as reduced lung function, respiratory distress, and a higher prevalence of asthma among students. This review underscores the necessity of integrating IAQ management into sustainable building practices and climate adaptation strategies. By emphasizing long-term health monitoring, air dynamics analysis, and pollutant exposure assessments, it advocates for proactive policies to enhance school environments to ensure resilience against future climate-related air quality challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Climate Change https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Thermal Comfort and Cooling Challenges for Women in Malaysian Households
Access to adequate cooling is essential for health, well-being, and livelihoods. However, in Malaysia, there remains a significant gap in understanding cooling access and thermal comfort, particularly among women home-based workers and women who spend the majority of their time at home. Despite global recognition of cooling disparities, limited research has focused on this demographic. Addressing this gap is vital for promoting gender equality and enhancing quality of life for women, especially in rural and lower-income settings. This study investigates thermal comfort and access to cooling in villages across five Malaysian states: Selangor, Melaka, Perak, Kedah, and Perlis, where village houses represent over 50% of occupied housing. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who either work from home or spend most of their time at home, assessing their thermal comfort, daily cooling needs, and household practices. Findings reveal that thermal discomfort peaks between 2 PM and 5 PM, and while most households have access to cooling systems, 66% of respondents reported high electricity bills as the main reason for not using air-conditioning. An additional 29% cited financial inability to afford the system, indicating that cost-related factors are the dominant barriers to cooling access. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test focusing on village house respondents revealed that heat due to house structure was the statistically significant cause of discomfort (χ² = 27.91 p < 0.001), suggesting structural issues such as poor insulation and solar heat gain as key contributors. To propose feasible solutions, TRNSYS simulations were conducted on a typical rural house model. Results showed that enhancing roof insulation was the most effective strategy, reducing cooling loads by approximately 10%, with an estimated load of 3.39 kWh. This study concludes that structural improvements, particularly roof insulation, are essential for reducing cooling needs and improving thermal comfort for women at home. Tackling both technical and financial barriers through affordable passive cooling strategies can significantly improve living conditions while enhancing women’s health, productivity, and economic participation, contributing to a more inclusive and sustainable future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasila Jarimi, Mirratul Mukminah, Nurfarhana Alyssa Ahmad Affandi, Norasikin Ahmad Ludin, Emy Zairah Ahmad, Tajul Rosli Razak, Saffa Riffat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Decline of Climate Skepticism in France: An Analysis of Climate Change Attitudes over the Last Two Decades
This article analyzes the evolution of public attitudes toward climate change in France. In the context of a challenging economic environment, the climate crisis continues to be a significant concern for the French populace, a concern that is exacerbated by the increasing frequency of climate-related disasters globally. Utilizing a logit model applied to four waves of a longitudinal survey conducted in 2000, 2010, 2019, and 2021, our findings indicate a noteworthy decline in climate skepticism. This reduction is correlated with an enhanced recognition of the scientific consensus on climate change and a broader adoption of environmentally responsible behaviors. Our analysis reveals significant associations between political orientation and climate skepticism: individuals who voted for far-right parties demonstrate a higher propensity for skepticism, whereas those who supported environmentalist parties exhibit a lower likelihood of skepticism. These findings highlight the critical need for ongoing efforts to communicate climate science effectively, promote pro-environmental behaviors, and acknowledge the pivotal role of political actors in mitigating climate skepticism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sébastien Bourdin, André Torre (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Review of Vegetative and Animal-Based Biodiesel: Feedstock Selection, Synthesis Method, Characterization Technique, and Economic Perspective
The urgent need for sustainable energy solutions has intensified research into biodiesel as a viable alternative to fossil fuels. With rising concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and energy security, biodiesel derived from renewable feedstocks presents a promising pathway toward low-carbon development. However, the selection of optimal feedstocks and efficient extraction techniques remains critical to enhancing its economic viability and environmental sustainability. This review explores biodiesel production from both vegetative and animal-based feedstocks, focusing on their potential as renewable energy sources. Key extraction techniques, including mechanical, solvent, and advanced methods are critically examined for their effectiveness in lipid extraction. The review further evaluates five biodiesel production methods: transesterification, supercritical transesterification, pyrolysis, blending, and micro-emulsification, with a particular focus on transesterification due to its efficiency and favorable outcomes. The study emphasizes the physicochemical properties of biodiesel, ensuring compliance with ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 standards. By providing a comprehensive assessment of feedstock availability, process efficiency, and sustainability considerations, this review contributes to advancing the role of biodiesel in the transition toward climate-friendly energy solutions. The findings reinforce the role of biodiesel in mitigating climate change by reducing dependency on fossil fuels and promoting circular bioeconomy practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sami Alsaadi, Mohammad Aliff Shakir, Mardiana Idayu Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Change and Farming in Sikkim: A Study on Selected Crops
Climate change is a global phenomenon with far-reaching implications for ecosystems and human wellbeing. It poses a particularly severe threat to agriculture, which is both highly climate-sensitive and a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed and tend to disproportionately affect ecologically fragile and socio-economically vulnerable regions. This study investigates the impact of climate change on the cultivation of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum), maize (Zea mays), and ginger (Zingiber officinale)—three high-value crops vital to Sikkim’s agrarian economy and identifies the adaptation strategies by farmers. Primary data were collected in 2023 from 200 farmers by using a structured schedule across lowland, mid-hill, and high-altitude agro-climatic zones. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure crop and zone representation. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics, chi-square tests for pest and disease incidence, and logistic regression to determine factors influencing adaptation behavior. The results indicate significant yield declines, increased pest and disease outbreaks, and farmers’ growing reliance on practices like water conservation, planting date adjustment, and crop diversification. Farm size, education, and access to extension services were significant predictors of adaptation. The study emphasizes the need for policies to enhance the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers in climate-vulnerable regions like Sikkim.
Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis and Design of RC Shear Wall: Nigeria Earth Tremor as Case Study
In Nigeria, it is common to design buildings first for gravity loads and then assess the structure's suitability for safety against lateral loads. It is well known that lateral loads influence the design of multi-story buildings, hence the designer's first priority should be to ensure that the structure is sufficiently safe from lateral loads. Nigeria has a large number of RC frame building that are not designed to resist seismic load because of the belief that Nigeria does not have area that are prone to earthquake, but Nigeria is no longer free from earthquake due to the occurrence of earth tremors in Nigeria in the past. This study focused on the design of RC shear wall in three storey building that assume to be place in seismic prone area in Nigeria which is capable of resisting Earthquake. The data of the magnitudes of earth tremors that have occurred in Nigeria was collected from Centre of Geodesy and Geodynamic to determine the seismic load to EC8 specification. Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building System (ETABS) was used to analyze and design the shear wall. ETABS 2016 software was incorporated with all the major analysis engines that is static, dynamic, Linear and non-linear, etc. This tool was used for the modeling, analyses and design of RC shear wall for three storey building to resist Earthquake load. Hence, providing shear walls at adequate locations substantially reduce structural vulnerability and absorb Earthquake energy through inelastic deformation and prevent collapse and lose of lives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Climate Change
The rising temperatures and variable precipitation patterns globally show almost all the regions are vulnerable to climate change that are impacting the cryosphere process, water resources, agriculture, and ecological balance. This issue investigates the importance of having a comprehensive analysis of long-term trends by incorporating climate understandings into the policy frameworks to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and promote sustainability. The process through which it can be achieved is covered here through transformation of judicial use of resources like the organic food system, energy, climate policies, LULC and innovations in energy efficiency. These aspects thus contribute to reducing poverty, hunger, health of the people, sustainable consumption and production, climate action, protecting life on the land and under the water. Further comparative analysis of cities in one paper offers critical insights for urban planners and policymakers to develop tailored climate resilience strategies to mitigate climate risks across urban conglomerates.
Comparative Analysis of India’s Tier-1 Cities Climate Vulnerability Assessment
The present study conducts a comparative analysis of India’s eight Tier-1 cities, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Pune, for their climate vulnerability assessment. The secondary data was collected from the India Meteorological Department and published climate vulnerability atlas to draw the relative importance index (RII) score for each exposure indicator of climate vulnerability for each city on the ten climate parameters, including earthquake, rainfall, wind, thunderstorm, cyclone, drought, floods, heatwave, cold wave vulnerabilities. The cities based on inland and coastal boundaries were also considered in scoring calculations. The study’s findings indicate that Chennai and Mumbai are the most vulnerable cities, primarily due to extreme weather events and sea-level rise, necessitating targeted adaptation strategies. Bengaluru shows lower vulnerability, reflecting its resilient infrastructure and proactive measures. Mid-range vulnerabilities are observed for Delhi, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, and Pune, highlighting diverse challenges from heat waves to flooding. Hyderabad’s relatively lower score suggests moderate risk yet underscores the importance of continuous infrastructure improvement. The comparative analysis offers critical insights for urban planners and policymakers to develop tailored climate resilience strategies, emphasising sustainable infrastructure, community preparedness, and proactive urban design to mitigate climate risks and foster sustainable development across these urban conglomerates. The study serves as a foundational step towards enhancing the climate resilience of India’s major cities.
Monitoring Land Use Dynamics and Agricultural Land Suitability in Samastipur District, Bihar Using Landsat Imagery and GIS
This study investigates land use and land cover (LULC) changes in Samastipur District, Bihar, from 2000 to 2020 using Landsat data and GIS techniques. Our analysis reveals a significant increase in agricultural land from 64.24% to 84.80%, amounting to a rise of 59,615 ha. During the same period, natural vegetation decreased sharply from 20.76% to 3.19%, and water bodies diminished from 2.72% to 1.82%. Settlement areas expanded by 38.30%, while barren land was reduced by 44.65%. Accuracy assessments showed substantial agreement, with Kappa values improving from 0.64 in 2000 to 0.88 in 2020, and overall accuracy rising from 71.62% to 90.74%. The Productivity Rating Index (PRI) for Pusa Farm indicates high suitability for major crops, with PRI values of 82.90% for wheat, 106.57% for sugarcane, and 137.14% for paddy. These findings underscore the dynamic changes in land use and the effectiveness of remote sensing for monitoring and managing agricultural resources, providing valuable insights for sustainable land management and policy-making.
Transforming Urban Energy: Dynamics, Policies and Innovations in Suburban Energy Efficiency and Building Sustainability in India
This review article provides a thorough examination of the factors affecting energy consumption in India and around the world, focussing on suburban areas and their role in the broader context of building construction and energy efficiency. The study examines the switch from conventional energy sources to more diversified energy portfolios, including electricity, natural gas, oil, biomass, and waste. Moving deeper into the subject, the review delves into the realm of carbon emissions resulting from building and construction. It spotlights the critical contribution of residential energy consumption to the overall carbon footprint and discusses the dual significance of operational and embodied emissions in the construction sector. This research underscores the necessity for integrated strategies to mitigate carbon emissions in building practices. Furthermore, the paper critically evaluates the evolution of energy regulations, with a special focus on the shift from prescriptive to performance-based Building Energy Codes (BECs). It assesses the capacity of current energy policies to curtail global warming and provides an in-depth analysis of energy usage patterns, policies, and CO2 emissions in the Indian suburban context. The study highlights India’s efforts to modernise building codes and improve energy efficiency while promoting multifaceted strategies that include building code improvements, the use of energy-efficient technologies, and sustainable urban design, and ends with a plea for sustainable development and major reductions in carbon emissions, thereby highlighting the critical role that both local and global initiatives can play. This study provides a thorough understanding of sustainable building practices and energy efficiency, especially in suburban development.
Dynamics of Vulnerable Glacial Lakes in the Sikkim Himalayas Under Changing Climate Scenario
Expanding glacial lakes and associated potential for catastrophic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are growing concerns globally. With above-average warming rates (0.3 ± 0.2 °C per decade), the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is witnessing significant glacier mass loss, reduced snow cover, and increased permafrost thawing, all of which increase meltwater availability, leading to formation and expansion of glacial lakes. Glacial lakes, in turn, further accelerate glacier mass loss through calving and subaqueous melt, creating a vicious feedback loop of glacial melting and expansion of glacial lakes. Lake with larger areas has a higher probability of interception of mass movements. Additionally, it exerts greater hydrostatic pressure on moraine dams and therefore higher magnitude of GLOF which can be extremely destructive, arriving unnoticed and destroying property, infrastructure, and agricultural land, often resulting in extensive loss of life and property. Sikkim Himalayas hosts a large number of glacial lakes and has received considerable scientific attention due to the potential GLOF hazards. This study focuses on 13 vulnerable glacial lakes (VGLs) in the Sikkim Himalayas, analysing their decadal dynamics from 1962 to 2020 using declassified Corona and Hexagon KH-9 imagery and Landsat satellite data. Our analysis revealed a significant increase in the total area of the VGLs, expanding from 3.594 km² in 1962 to 8.664 km² in 2020. However, individual lakes exhibited highly variable dynamics and growth histories, falling into either of the two categories, quasi-stable and dynamic lakes. Most VGLs were quasi-stable, with minimal growth over a decade, while dynamic lakes, connected to parent glaciers, showed continuous growth. Based on modelled future lake expansion, South Lhonak and KhangchungTsho were found to have future expansion potential of 0.472 km2 and 0.333 km2 , respectively. With growing infrastructure and population downstream, the risk of future GLOF events is exceptionally high. Understanding glacial lake expansion is crucial for effective risk assessment and policy development in these vulnerable areas.
Role of the Organic Food System in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals: A Review Study
The greater Global concern today is climate change and global warming and to combat this issue the United Nations has set 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by the year 2030 with the collective efforts of member nations. The conventional food system has exploited natural resources in a very negative manner which impacted both human health and the ecological system. The organic food system is an alternative to this which uses a natural way of production prohibiting chemical and artificial synthesis. This study aims to explore the role of the organic food system in achieving Sustainable Development Goals. The result of the study shows that the organic food system has a significant positive impact in the form of environmental sustainability, public health, social impact, and economic impact on the people. The organic food system significantly contributes to the SDG1, SDG2, SDG3, SDG12, SDG13, SDG14, and SDG15 by reducing poverty, mitigating hunger worldwide, protecting the health of the people and well-being, sustainable consumption and production, climate action, protecting life on the land and under the water.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Long-term Trends in Temperature and Rainfall Patterns in Sikkim, India
One of the main global concerns of the twenty-first century is climate change, which is causing patterns of precipitation and temperature to shift, as well as a rise in the frequency of extreme occurrences. In order to evaluate the effects of climate change on the Himalayan State, the study examines the long-term changes in temperature and precipitation in Sikkim, India, over a period of 121 years (1901–2021). The study uses the “Mann-Kendall Trend Test” and “Sen’s Slope Estimator” to analyse the monthly temperature and precipitation data across Sikkim’s districts: East, West, North, and South. The paper shows that the state has a significant increase in average temperatures across all districts, with an upward trend and p-values <0.01. The study also shows that the precipitation trends are less uniform, with South Sikkim being the only district exhibiting a significantly decreasing rainfall trend. The rising temperatures and variable precipitation patterns highlight the region’s vulnerability to climate change, with potential implications for water resources, agriculture, and ecological balance. This research points towards the need for urgency in incorporating climate understandings into the policy frameworks to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and promote sustainability in Sikkim.